News

The incidence of urinary tract infections and the common bacterial flora vary depending on the bladder management method. Clean intermittent catheterization is recognized as the most safe and effective bladder management method. A large number of clinical studies have shown that hydrophilic-coated intermittent catheters can reduce the damage to the urethral mucosa during insertion and are beneficial in reducing the occurrence of urinary tract infections.      1.Urinary tract infection Urinary tract infection is the most common complication of intermittent catheterization. Despite the continuous improvement of treatment and care techniques, urinary tract infection remains the primary cause of patients' readmission and death.    Due to the different criteria for diagnosing urinary tract infections, the incidence rates of urinary tract infections reported in various studies vary significantly. Singh et al.'s investigation of 386 male and 159 female patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries showed that the overall incidence of urinary tract infections per 100 people per day was 0.64 times. The rate for patients with indwelling catheters was 2.68 times, for those using clean intermittent catheterization it was 0.34 times, for those using condom urination it was 0.34 times, for those with suprapubic bladder fistula it was 0.56 times, and for those with spontaneous urination it was 0.34 times.    Urinary tract infections not only cause endless troubles and pose a threat to patients' lives, but also result in huge medical expenses. According to statistics in the United States in 2009, the treatment cost for each catheter-related urinary tract infection is at least $600, and the treatment cost for catheter-related bacteremia is as high as $2,800. What is even more worrying is that repeated urinary tract infections may develop into antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections are of utmost importance.      2.Common bacterial flora in urinary tract infections Ryu et al. divided 112 patients with spinal cord injury based on different urination methods, including 41 cases of clean intermittent catheterization, 34 cases of suprapubic bladder fistula, 9 cases of indwelling urinary catheter, and 28 cases of spontaneous urination. They conducted urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests on 1,236 urine specimens from these patients. The results showed that the positive rate of urine culture was 74.8%, and 30.2% had more than one type of bacterial infection. The pathogenic microorganisms were mainly Gram-negative bacteria (84%): Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.9%), Escherichia coli (2.1%), Klebsiella species (6.7%), etc. The common Gram-positive bacteria (13.6%) were Streptococcus (8.6%) and Staphylococcus (2.6%). The most common pathogenic bacteria in the clean intermittent catheterization group was Escherichia coli, while in the suprapubic bladder fistula group and the spontaneous urination group, the most common infection was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is recommended that before waiting for the results of urine culture and bacterial sensitivity tests, if patients urgently need to use antibiotics to control the infection, they can experimentally select antibiotics based on their urine voiding method.      3.Strategies for Treating Urinary Tract Infections The causes of urinary tract infections include insufficient frequency of catheterization, inadequate urine drainage during catheterization, problems with catheter insertion and care, excessive intake of liquid food, and frequent nocturnal urination. Nurses should provide targeted training and guidance based on the specific conditions of each patient.    In recent years, numerous clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, have proved that the use of hydrophilic-coated urinary catheters can reduce the occurrence of urinary tract infections. Cardenas et al.'s clinical experiment on 224 patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury at 15 spinal cord injury centers in North America showed that patients who used hydrophilic-coated urinary catheters for intermittent catheterization had a significantly later onset of symptomatic urinary tract infections requiring antibiotic treatment compared to those using uncoated ordinary PVC catheters (with lubrication). At the same time, it reduced the incidence of urinary tract infections during hospitalization by 21%.    Compared with ordinary PVC catheters, hydrophilic-coated nelaton catheters can reduce the friction between the catheter and the urethra, thereby minimizing the minor trauma caused by catheter insertion to the urethra and reducing the occurrence of urinary tract infections. Moreover, the overall satisfaction rate of hydrophilic-coated urinary catheters in terms of convenience and comfort is also higher, and patients are more willing to accept and use them for a long time. A randomized trial study on healthy male volunteers also obtained the same results.    Patients with neurogenic bladder suffer from neurological dysfunction, resulting in decreased sensitivity of the urethra or even complete loss of sensation. They are unable to accurately perceive the comfort level and pain during catheter insertion. Therefore, experimental results from healthy individuals are more reliable.      4.Other Complications Other complications caused by intermittent catheterization include prostatitis, urethral bleeding, urethral stenosis, and formation of urethral pseudo-channel. The incidence of male prostatitis ranges from 5% to 33%. Urethral bleeding is common at the beginning stage of intermittent catheterization, and persistent bleeding may be a sign of urinary tract infection. Urethral stenosis often occurs in the anterior part (urethral opening and urethral bulb) and posterior part (urethral membranous part and prostate part) of the urethra, and is caused by repeated minor trauma to the urethra leading to inflammatory response. Patients with urethral stenosis, detrusor-sphincter coordination disorder, and enlarged prostate should be alert to the formation of urethral pseudo-channel.    Most of the current clinical data come from male patients with spinal cord injury. Female patients and other patients with NLUTD such as spina bifida and multiple sclerosis are relatively rare. We look forward to further studies on this group of people.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

The intermittent catheterization technique for cleaning the bladder has been recognized by the International Continence Society as the preferred method for emptying the bladder and an important treatment for neurogenic bladder. In 1844, the German scholar Strommeyer first proposed the concept of intermittent catheterization (IC), which is a treatment method that involves timed bladder irrigation and the removal of urine from patients with urinary tract infections from their bodies; in 1901, Morton proposed that patients with spinal cord injuries should use sterile catheters to empty their bladders; in the 1920s, a pressure-molded, air-filled Foley catheter was introduced, and thus, the long-term indwelling catheterization methods through the urethra or above the pubic bone began to be widely used.    However, long-term indwelling of a urinary catheter through the urethra can lead to many complications, such as urethritis, calculi, obstruction of the catheter causing poor drainage, leakage around the catheter, and erosion of the bladder neck and urethra. It can also increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Although suprapubic cystostomy is superior to urethral indwelling catheterization in preventing urethral and bladder neck erosion and reducing the risks of epididymitis, orchitis and urethral atresia, suprapubic cystostomy is an invasive procedure, and long-term indwelling of the stoma tube will also cause great inconvenience to the patient's life.    In 1935, Munro from Boston used the intermittent bladder irrigation method to restore the normal bladder capacity of a patient with a relaxed detrusor muscle. In 1944, the German-Jewish doctor Ludwig Guttmann established the National Spinal Cord Injury Center in the UK. He soon discovered that continuous indwelling urinary catheters and suprapubic cystostomy did not reduce the occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTI). In 1947, Ludwig Guttmann proposed the concept of sterile intermittent catheterization to avoid introducing bacteria into the bladder during catheterization; in 1966, he published an article explaining the effect of sterile intermittent catheterization in the treatment of 476 patients with neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury, among whom 409 patients with symptoms such as urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and urinary calculi showed significant improvement.    Dr. Jack Lapides from the United States discovered that the main cause of urinary system infections is the increased pressure in the bladder of patients with neurogenic bladder and the retention of urine, rather than the bacteria themselves. He believes that Ludwig Guttmann's method, both from a physiological perspective and in terms of operability, is unnecessary and impractical. In the winter of 1970, while treating a female patient with multiple sclerosis, he and the nurse Betty Lowe first applied home cleaning intermittent catheterization. The patient achieved urinary control within a short period of time and no urinary system infections occurred. When this patient traveled to Europe, the catheter accidentally fell on the floor of a public restroom. After a simple cleaning, it was reused without any adverse reactions. Subsequently, Dr. Lapides published several articles to introduce intermittent cleaning catheterization to all urologists worldwide, and proposed the viewpoint that maintaining the frequency of bladder emptying for patients is more important than maintaining the sterility of urine.    Among the modern treatment methods in urology, the clean intermittent catheterization technique is often employed before the treatment of neurogenic bladder. Clean intermittent catheterization can help the bladder store and empty urine regularly, improve bladder function, alleviate symptoms of bladder-ureteral reflux and hydronephrosis and hydronephrosis of the kidneys and ureters, and avoid various complications caused by long-term indwelling catheters. Currently, the proportion of patients with neurogenic bladder who die from kidney-related diseases has significantly decreased, and their quality of life has improved. Clean intermittent catheterization has also been recognized by the International Continence Society as the preferred method for bladder emptying and an important treatment approach for neurogenic bladder.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

I. Complications A 45-year follow-up study by Elmelund found that renal failure after spinal cord injury can occur at any time after the injury. In comparison, intermittent catheterization brings the lowest long-term complications. Patients who have long-term self-intermittent catheterization (SIC) may experience pain and complications related to the urethra, scrotum, and bladder. Urethral complications include catheter-related urinary tract infections, urethral stricture, and urethral orifice stricture; scrotal complications include epididymitis, bladder complications include bladder hemorrhage, bladder perforation, and bladder stones.      1. Pain During the initial stage of intermittent catheterization, pain is often experienced, which may be related to tension and anxiety. The process of inserting or removing the catheter may also cause discomfort, possibly due to bladder spasm or urinary tract infection. Adequate catheter lubrication and correct urethral positioning can reduce the patient's pain. As time goes by and the pain threshold increases, the pain caused by catheter insertion may gradually subside.     2. Urethral Complications 2.1 Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common complication in patients undergoing intermittent catheterization. Frequent catheterization can easily cause damage to the urethral mucosa, subsequently leading to infection. Insufficient frequency of intermittent catheterization, urine retention resulting in urinary retention, and disruption of bladder wall blood circulation due to impaired normal metabolic transmission, as well as disruption of the normal immune mechanism of the bladder wall, all increase the risk of infection; inadequate insertion of the catheter during insertion can promote bacterial nourishment and spread, leading to urinary tract infection; Woodbury MG's research suggests that the incidence of urinary tract infection in patients undergoing intermittent catheterization due to spinal cord injury is 2.5 times per person per year, and more than 80% of patients with spinal cord injury will experience at least one urinary tract infection within 5 years. Woodbury's research at the spinal cord rehabilitation center indicates that women are more prone to urinary tract infections, and the influencing factors may be related to the unique anatomical structure of women, the average amount of urine discharged, and non-self intermittent catheterization.   2.2 Urethral stricture is a complication specific to men, with a prevalence of approximately 5%. The risk of its formation increases over time, and it mostly occurs one year after intermittent catheterization. Urethral stricture can occur in the anterior part (bulbar urethra) or the posterior part (prostatic urethra). The possible causes may be low lubrication of the catheter or inappropriate insertion force leading to urethral spasm. Therefore, for patients who perform self-intermittent catheterization for a long time or for auxiliary caregivers, mastering catheter insertion techniques, following a standardized catheter insertion process, and fully lubricating the catheter can effectively reduce the occurrence of urethral stricture. Intermittent catheterization can effectively reduce urinary tract infections and improve the quality of life of patients, but a retrospective study by Greenwell of 126 patients found that intermittent catheterization does not reduce the incidence of urethral stricture compared to indwelling catheterization.   2.3 Urethral orifice stricture, this complication is extremely rare. A spinal cord injury patient experienced this complication during 12 years of self-intermittent catheterization.      3. Scrotal Complications Epididymitis is characterized by sudden pain in the scrotal area, swelling of the epididymis, significant tenderness, and may be accompanied by fever, epididymal hardening, etc. Due to the dysfunctions in a series of processes such as the contraction of perineal muscles and the closure of the bladder neck in patients with spinal cord injury, semen cannot be expelled, leading to epididymal infection, which is the most common genital infection. During intermittent catheterization, its incidence rate is 3% - 12% within a short period (within one year), and it is over 40% in the long-term (more than one year) process.  4. Bladder-related Complications 4.1 Hematuria often occurs in the early stage of intermittent catheterization and may be related to poor lubrication of the urethral tube coating or unskilled insertion technique. 30% of patients experience long-term hematuria. New onset hematuria may indicate the presence of urinary tract infection or urethral stricture. In Stensballe J's study, it was suggested that hydrophilic-coated catheters can effectively reduce the risk of hematuria in patients. 4.2 Bladder perforation is extremely rare and mostly occurs at the anastomosis site of the expanded bladder. 4.3 Bladder stones. The risk of bladder stones increases with long-term intermittent catheterization. The pathogenesis may be related to the entry of pubic hair, which acts as the center of the bladder stones. Bartel's retrospective study of 2825 patients with spinal cord injury and the occurrence of bladder stones found that different bladder management methods have significant differences in the occurrence of bladder stones. The incidence of bladder stones after bladder fistula surgery was 11%, significantly higher than the 5.6% incidence of bladder stones with indwelling catheterization and the 2% incidence of bladder stones with intermittent catheterization.      II. Preventive Measures 1. The most important preventive measures include: ensuring adequate education for medical staff, enhancing patient compliance, strictly controlling hand hygiene, and using appropriate types and materials of urinary catheters.   2. Cardenas' research indicates that patients with good education can better master intermittent catheterization and conduct timely catheterization in accordance with the requirements of the operation manual. Medical staff, patients, and their families should always have the awareness of maintaining hand hygiene. Before performing the catheterization procedure, they should thoroughly wash their hands with water or soap for more than 5 minutes.   3. It is necessary to select catheters with sufficient lubrication and appropriate length. Catheters with dry surfaces may damage the urethral mucosa, leading to bacterial contamination. It is best to use disposable sterile catheters. For patients with excessive bladder filling, urination should be slow to avoid a sudden drop in abdominal pressure, causing congestion of the bladder mucosa and hematuria.   4. Cranberry juice has been proven to effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria in the urethra and bladder, prevent pathogens from adhering to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract, control Helicobacter pylori infection; it can also help maintain the integrity of the bladder wall and maintain the normal pH value of the urethra. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study suggests that 57 patients with spinal cord injury and neurogenic bladder who continuously took cranberry tablets for six months can effectively prevent urinary tract infections. Appropriate consumption of cranberry can enhance the immune effect and prevent urinary tract infections.     The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Intermittent catheterization refers to a technique where the urinary catheter is not left in the bladder but is inserted only when necessary, to empty the bladder, and then removed after the process is completed. This method allows the bladder to expand intermittently, which is beneficial for maintaining bladder capacity and restoring the bladder's contraction function. The International Urinary Control Association recommends intermittent catheterization as the preferred method for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The precautions are as follows    1. Conduct timely catheterization and do not wait until the patient feels the urge to urinate.   2. If there are obstacles during catheterization, pause for 5 to 10 seconds and withdraw the catheter by 3 centimeters, then slowly insert it again.   3. If there is resistance when withdrawing the catheter, it may be due to urethral spasm. Wait for 5 to 10 minutes before withdrawing the catheter.   4. Vaginal packing will affect the insertion of the catheter. Before catheterization for women, remove the vaginal packing. If a woman accidentally inserts the urinary catheter into the vagina during catheterization, replace it with a new catheter operation.   5. When inserting the catheter, be gentle, especially for male patients. Pay attention that when the catheter passes through the narrow part of the urethral orifice, the anterior part of the pubic symphysis, the curved part below, and the internal opening of the urethra, the patient should take a slow and deep breath and slowly insert the catheter. Avoid inserting too forcefully and rapidly to cause damage to the urethral mucosa.   6. After successful catheterization, keep the catheter in place until the urine is completely expelled. Do not immediately remove the catheter. While slowly withdrawing the catheter, gently rotate the catheter and instruct the patient to hold their breath to increase abdominal pressure, so that the bladder is completely emptied and there is no residual urine.   7. If there are problems during the catheterization process, contact the doctor for handling. Such as hematuria; failure of catheter insertion or withdrawal; increased pain and unbearable discomfort during catheter insertion; urinary tract infection, urinary pain; cloudy urine, with sediment, with odor; lower abdominal or back pain, with burning sensation, etc.   8. Each catheterization situation can be recorded on a dedicated urination record sheet, including date/time/urine volume/catheterization method/leakage of urine, etc.   9. Adequate bladder capacity, low pressure in the bladder, and sufficient resistance in the urethra are the prerequisites for intermittent catheterization. The bladder pressure should be lower than 40 cmH2O. Whether it is sterile intermittent catheterization or clean intermittent catheterization, 1 to 2 days before catheterization, teach the patient to drink water according to the plan, consume water evenly within 24 hours, and control the daily water intake within 1500 to 2000 ml.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

2026 Jun. USA WHX Exhibition   Fair: 2026 World Health Expo in Miami   Date: Jun.17-19th,2026   Address: Miami Beach Convention Center (MBCC),Miami Beach, Florida, USA   Yingmed Booth No.        : C46     Exhibition introduction: This year's Miami Medical Exhibition covers an area of 40,000 square meters, gathers 680 industry exhibitors, and will attract over 32,000 visitors. Key Exhibits: Covering medical consumables, surgical medical instruments, medical imaging equipment, diagnostic engineering, rehabilitation care supplies, laboratory instruments, etc. The United States has always held the largest share of the global medical device market. It is the world's largest producer and consumer of medical equipment, with its output growing at a rate of 5% - 8% annually. 40% of the world's medical equipment is supplied by the United States, and 37% of the world's medical equipment is consumed by the United States. It is estimated that by 2026, the continuous investment in healthcare in the United States will reach 5.7 trillion US dollars. The funds invested by the United States in medical enterprises have reached 5.4 billion US dollars. In addition to the major exhibitors and professional buyers from Florida, USA, a large number of exhibitors and professional buyers from Latin American countries were also attracted. A large quantity of products and equipment were transshipped from Florida to the countries and markets around the Caribbean Sea. Ningbo Yingmed Medical Instruments Co.,Ltd is one of the professional supplier for the Medical Instument products in China.we mainly show the medical consumable products such as Oxygen maks, Nebulizer mask, Nasal Oxyen cannula, ET tubes, Suction catheter, Infusion set , Disposable Syringe, Insulin Syringe, Urine bag,Foley Catheter, Surgical Gloves, Gauze Swabs, Medical Bandage, Surgical TapeWound Dressing,Alcohol pad, Spirometer,  Vacuum Blood collection tube and some lab consumable products. Our Team has more than 15 years experiences in Medical field,we have experienced sales team and strong QC team,Our Company is approved by CE&ISO certificates for most of products. We look forward to meeting you on Jun. 17-19, 2026 year, our Booth No.:C46 The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

For people with neurogenic bladder, intermittent catheterization is an economical and effective method. The common problems during the catheterization procedure and the corresponding nursing points are as follows      1. Common Questions 1.1 Pain or discomfort during catheterization: Due to differences in physiological structure, the thickness of the urethra also varies. Using a catheter that is too thick can cause mechanical damage to the urethra and easily damage the urethral mucosa.    1.2 Patient anxiety: In general, patients tend to have anxiety. Anxiety can prevent the abdominal muscles from relaxing, cause urethral spasm, and make the insertion of the urinary catheter into the urethra difficult. If there are repeated attempts to insert the catheter, it is prone to cause local bleeding of the urethral mucosa.    1.3 Inadequate technical skills: The nursing staff lacked experience in catheterization and were not proficient in the procedure. They failed to accurately grasp the physiological bending position during catheter insertion. When encountering resistance during catheter insertion, they adopted rough actions. For patients with urinary retention, if they held their urine for an excessively long time, the bladder would become overfilled, causing unbearable discomfort to the patient.    1.4 Inadequate insertion depth of the urinary catheter: The insertion depth of the urinary catheter is insufficient, preventing the drainage of urine. If the insertion is too deep, it may cause damage to the bladder wall.    1.5 Insufficient preparations before operation: Before catheterization, one should carefully inspect the quality of the urinary catheter, checking whether the tube body is smooth and whether the drainage hole is smooth. If any quality issues are found, the catheter must not be used again. One cannot compromise the patient's health just to save costs.    1.6 Physiological issues: Occasionally, female patients may present with hypospadias. Before catheterization, two sets of catheterization supplies can be prepared. Adequate catheterization equipment should be available. If the catheter accidentally enters the vagina, it should be immediately replaced. To prevent infection, strict cleaning procedures should be followed during subsequent operations.      2. Measures 2.1 Enhance Learning: Nursing staff should intensify their learning, familiarize themselves with anatomical knowledge, master the physiological curvature characteristics of men, learn to communicate, guide and encourage patients to overcome the difficulties caused by the disease, and promote treatment.    2.2 Careful Operation: During catheter insertion, the movements should be gentle and slow, and excessive force should be avoided. Repeated catheter insertions should be minimized. When choosing the urinary catheter, it should be of appropriate size and the quality should be carefully checked to ensure it is qualified. If any item does not meet the requirements, even if it is expensive, it should not be used. The quality control must be strictly enforced. After catheterization, avoid twisting, compressing or blocking the catheter. Keep the catheter drainage unobstructed. If turbid urine, sediment, crystals or bleeding are found, seek medical help immediately. Timely bladder irrigation and hemostasis should be performed. In cases where the patient's renal function is normal, encourage the patient to drink more water.    2.3 Provide psychological care: During catheterization, patients may experience discomfort. When experiencing urinary retention, they may become agitated. Nursing staff should learn to divert their attention. For patients with prostate hypertrophy, they must be instructed to relax their abdominal muscles and take deep breaths to eliminate tension and reduce fear. If any serious discomfort symptoms are detected during catheterization, it is necessary to pay attention and promptly seek assistance from the doctor.    3. Summary Under normal conditions, the human urethra is in a physiological environment free of bacterial activity. Catheterization, as a mechanical stimulation procedure, does cause varying degrees of damage to the urethral mucosa of the human body, disrupting the protective barrier of the mucosa and potentially leading to complications such as urinary tract infections. Therefore, standardized catheterization procedures are particularly important for the physical health of patients. Nursing staff and patients who conduct catheterization themselves should have a better understanding of the relevant operation techniques. During catheterization, they should try to perform the procedure in a standardized manner to reduce the probability of complications.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Due to various causes, when repairing the urethral injury, scar tissue forms and contracts, causing the urethral cavity to narrow and even completely close; the internal epithelium becomes thinner, and some of it undergoes metaplasia into stratified squamous epithelium; the lamina propria becomes discontinuous, and the vascular sinus structure of the corpus cavernosum is replaced by a large amount of fibrous connective tissue, and the connective tissue has no obvious boundary with the corpus cavernosum tissue, and the two interweave with each other. These changes result in urethral stenosis. Generally, it is not recommended to perform intermittent catheterization for patients with urethral stenosis.  Urethral stricture is one of the common diseases in urology. In recent years, with the development of industries such as transportation and construction, as well as the increase in the use of urethral internal instruments and surgeries, its incidence has been continuously rising in both developed and developing countries. The common causes of urethral stricture include congenital, inflammatory, traumatic, iatrogenic and other unknown causes.   Due to the longer urethra in men compared to women, along with differences in anatomical location and tissue structure, it is more susceptible to factors such as trauma and infection. At the same time, it is also influenced by social factors, and this disease often occurs in adult men.      1. Causes of urethral stricture Urethral stricture can be classified as spasmodic and organic. 1.1 Spasmodic urethral stricture is a temporary phenomenon, caused by the contraction of the external urethral sphincter. The triggering causes may include urethritis, urethral calculi, the use of urethral instruments, or abnormal sexual desire, etc. Spasmodic stricture can be treated with comprehensive methods, including eliminating the triggers, hot water sitz baths, sedatives and analgesics, and antispasmodic agents, which can usually alleviate the condition.   1.2 Organic stricture can be classified into three types based on the cause: a: Congenital urethral stricture, such as external urethral orifice stricture, urethral valves, etc. b: Inflammatory urethral stricture, which can be caused by gonorrhea, tuberculosis, or non-specific infections. The shape of the stricture is more complex and the degree is more severe. Inflammatory urethral stricture is mainly treated with urethral dilation in the early stage after infection control, and the use of indwelling catheters can also cause urethral stricture. c: Traumatic urethral stricture is the most common type, caused by severe urethral injury, improper initial treatment or untimely treatment.   1.3 The degree, depth and length of the stricture are quite large, and usually there is only one stricture. Gonorrheal stricture may be multiple strictures. The stricture may be secondary to infection, resulting in urethral diverticulum, urethral perineal inflammation, prostatitis or epididymo-orchitis. If the obstruction of the urine flow cannot be relieved for a long time, it may eventually lead to hydronephrosis, renal function damage, and uremia.      2.Clinical manifestations of urethral stricture The symptoms of urethral stricture can vary depending on its severity, extent and development process. The main symptoms are as follows. 2.1 Difficulty in urination, with severe cases resulting in urinary retention. Initially, urination is difficult, the duration is prolonged, the urine stream splits, and gradually the urine stream becomes thinner and the range shorter, even presenting as dripping. When the detrusor muscle contracts but cannot overcome the resistance of the urethra, residual urine increases and even leads to incontinence or urinary retention.   2.2 Urethral stricture is often accompanied by chronic urethritis. It often leads to bladder infection, calculi, epididymo-orchitis, etc. The proximal urethra is dilated, and it can also cause repeated urinary tract infections, urethral perineal abscess, urethral fistula, prostatitis and epididymitis due to urine retention, and then cause hydronephrosis of the renal pelvis and ureter, as well as repeated urinary tract infections, eventually leading to renal function decline and even uremia.   2.3 Long-term increased abdominal pressure can lead to hernia, hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse.      3. Auxiliary examinations for urethral stenosis 3.1. Urethral palpation and examination of the scrotum and anus For traumatic urethral stenosis, routine examinations of the anus, rectum, and prostate should be conducted. If there is a significant upward displacement of the prostate, it indicates that the location of the urethral stenosis is higher or the stenotic segment is longer. Proctoscopy can determine whether there is a urethral-rectal fistula and its size and location.   3.2. Urethral probe examination Urethral probe examination can determine the location, degree, and length of the urethral stenosis.   3.3. Urethral angiography examination This examination is an important basis for selecting treatment methods.   3.4. Urethral ultrasound examination It has the advantages of clearly distinguishing the urethral lumen, penile tissue, and the layers of tissues around the urethra, and accurately estimating the length of the urethral stenosis. It avoids repeated urethral-rectal angiography and X-ray exposure for doctors and patients, thus having certain advantages.   3.5. Urethral magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has certain reference value for the diagnosis of urethral stenosis after pelvic fractures.   3.6. Others Urethral combined infection often has abnormal urine analysis and bacteriology, which is meaningful for selecting medication.      4 Treatment of Urethral Stricture   The current treatment methods for urethral stricture mainly include: urethral dilation, urethral endotomy, laser therapy, urethral stent, open urethral reconstruction including urethral end-to-end anastomosis and substitute urethral reconstruction, etc. The selection of treatment methods should be based on the cause, location, length, complications, and previous surgical history of each patient to formulate an individualized treatment plan.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

The guidelines for neurogenic bladder care recommend that intermittent catheterization (IC) should be initiated in the early stage of neurogenic bladder (typically from the 8th to the 35th day after the onset of the disease), provided that the patient's condition is stable, no large-volume fluid infusion is required, the patient drinks regularly, and there is no urinary tract infection. The choice of intermittent catheterization interval and frequency can be based on the patient's own sensation, bladder capacity, residual urine volume, safe capacity, etc. Generally, the number of daily catheterizations should not exceed 6 times; as the residual urine volume decreases, the interval between catheterizations can be gradually extended. The appropriate timing and frequency of catheterization are crucial for the safety of bladder management. Currently, there are two commonly used methods to determine the timing and frequency of catheterization: the residual urine volume method and the bladder capacity method.    Residual urine volume method： Residual urine volume > 300ml, conduct catheterization 5 times per day; Residual urine volume 200 - 300ml, conduct catheterization 4 times per day; Residual urine volume 150 - 200ml, conduct catheterization 3 times per day; Residual urine volume 100 - 149ml, conduct catheterization 1 - 2 times per day; Residual urine volume < 100ml, stop catheterization.    Bladder urine volume method： Multiple studies suggest that the criterion for determining the timing of intermittent catheterization each day is as follows: perform intermittent catheterization at the designated urination time points; the amount of urine expelled each time should be less than or equal to the safe capacity of the patient's bladder (the safe capacity is obtained by conducting bladder volume measurements for the patient and is generally 400 to 500 ml).    Neurogenic bladder types： When the bladder capacity increases, the pressure within the bladder remains at a low level and does not rise even when it reaches the maximum bladder capacity (with a perfusion volume of >500ml and a pressure of <40cmH2O, the patient has no urge to urinate and no leakage of urine), this is called a low-pressure large bladder (urinary retention); as the bladder capacity increases, the pressure within the bladder significantly rises (with a perfusion volume of <300ml and a pressure of < or equal to 40cmH2O, the patient experiences urine leakage) then it is called a high-pressure small bladder (urinary incontinence).    The simple bladder pressure measurement technique can determine the patient's bladder safety capacity and the type of neurogenic bladder. Based on the bladder safety capacity and type, the intermittent catheterization time and frequency are determined. For a large bladder, the catheterization time point is when the bladder storage volume reaches 500ml after continuous observation for 2 to 3 days; for a small bladder, intermittent catheterization begins after 2 to 3 days of indwelling catheterization, and the catheterization time point is when the bladder storage volume reaches the safety capacity after 2 to 3 days of observation. Before each catheterization, patients with normal bladder capacity should practice spontaneous urination when the bladder storage volume reaches 300 to 500ml.    By comparing the residual urine volume method and the bladder urine volume method to determine the intermittent catheterization time, the results showed that the bladder urine volume method is more conducive to improving bladder function and enhancing the quality of life. However, its applicability still requires further research.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Under normal circumstances, intermittent catheterization does not cause pain. Patients who undergo the initial catheterization may experience a little discomfort, but this usually improves after getting accustomed to the procedure. By analyzing the causes of catheterization pain, corresponding measures can be taken to reduce the occurrence of pain during catheterization.    II. Measures to solve catheterization pain 1. Relax the Emotions Patients should try to relax during the insertion of the urinary catheter and eliminate any tension. Taking a hot bath or doing some light exercises before the catheter insertion can make them feel more relaxed. If there is resistance during insertion, try coughing a few times. If the patient is in a wheelchair, move to the edge of the wheelchair to relieve the pressure on the perineum and avoid pressing on the urethra. Coughing or changing positions can help maintain relaxation and facilitate the insertion of the catheter.    2. Selecting the appropriate urinary catheter It is essential to choose a urinary catheter with a sufficiently smooth surface and smooth edges at the drainage holes, and the diameter should be appropriate. 2.1 For adult catheterization, the preferred diameter for the catheter should be 12-14Fr. 2.2 For children under 6 months of age, a catheter with a diameter of 5Fr should be used. 2.3 For children over 6 months of age, male children should start with a diameter of 6-8Fr, and female children should start with 8Fr. The appropriate diameter should be selected based on the specific condition of the child. 2.4 If there are any problems during the insertion process, or if blood clots or debris (sediment) are found in the urine, it often indicates that the current diameter is not suitable. It is necessary to consult a professional doctor.    3. Standardize catheterization procedures 3.1Before inserting the catheter, thoroughly lubricate it or choose a hydrophilic-coated catheter to ensure continuous lubrication during the catheterization process, reducing the irritation and friction on the catheter and protecting the urethral mucosa. During the operation, gentle movements should be adopted. One can take a deep breath to relax the muscles throughout the body and alleviate the pain and discomfort. If there is resistance, pause the operation. Especially for those with sensitive pain, it is likely to cause a strong contraction of the urethral sphincter, increasing the resistance of the urethra. Wait until it is completely relaxed before slowly reinserting the catheter.   3.2For male patients undergoing catheterization, special attention should be paid to the curved part of the urethra. When inserting the catheter, lift the penis to form an angle of about 60 degrees with the abdominal wall, eliminating the prepubic curvature of the urethra as much as possible. Insert the catheter slowly into the urethra. When the catheter is inserted nearly halfway and feels resistance, it indicates that the catheter has reached the second bend (the pubic concave bend). At this point, slowly lower the penis towards the thigh to form an angle of approximately 90 degrees with the abdomen. Once the resistance disappears, continue to insert. 3.3For female patients, the insertion process is relatively simple, but it is necessary to fully understand the location of the urethral opening and insert it gently and slowly. Once urine flows out, insert an additional 2 centimeters. If the catheter accidentally enters the vagina, a new catheter should be replaced for the operation.    4. Summary When encountering problems related to catheter insertion pain, there is no need to worry. The pain is temporary and can be alleviated by replacing the appropriate catheter, following proper catheterization procedures, etc. For individuals with complete spinal cord injury, as they cannot feel pain and lack feedback from the urethra, they should master the techniques of catheterization even more, choose high-quality catheters, and try to avoid any improper operations that may cause damage.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Under normal circumstances, intermittent catheterization does not cause pain. Patients who undergo the initial catheterization may experience a little discomfort, but this usually improves after getting accustomed to the procedure. By analyzing the causes of catheterization pain, corresponding measures can be taken to reduce the occurrence of pain during catheterization.    I. Causes of catheterization pain 1. Anatomical Factors 1.1 The urethra is richly innervated by nerves, with parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves distributed throughout the urethra. The bladder neck has abundant nerves and the mucosa is very sensitive to stimuli. Any foreign matter or inflammatory stimulation can cause urgency, pain during urination, as well as discomfort in the lower abdomen and perineum. 1.2 The entire male urethra is 16-22 cm long and has three narrow sections and two bends. During catheterization, the stimulation of the catheter causes intense contraction of the urethral sphincter, increasing the difficulty of insertion and causing pain. 1.3 Compared to the male urethra, the female urethra is shorter, thicker, and straighter, without bends or narrow sections. Catheterization is relatively easier.  2. Pathological factors Problems such as urethral deformity or stenosis can cause pain during catheterization. For example, male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia may experience urethral stenosis, and during catheterization, they will feel pain and discomfort. If the patient already has urinary tract infection, catheterization may aggravate the pain. In such cases, it is necessary to seek medical treatment promptly to relieve the corresponding symptoms as soon as possible.    3. Psychological Factors The patient's negative psychological states such as fear, anxiety, and shyness. During catheterization, excessive mental tension and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system can cause urethral spasm when inserting the catheter, resulting in varying degrees of pain and discomfort. For patients using intermittent self-catheterization, this pain and discomfort will further intensify their emotional tension. They may constantly try different insertion angles and forcefully insert the catheter, which may cause urethral injury and even bleeding.    4. Urinary Catheter Factors The quality of the urinary catheter is extremely important. If the entry end of the catheter is not smooth, has burrs, or is deformed, it will directly damage the urethral mucosa and cause pain. Additionally, if the type and model of the catheter are not selected appropriately, an overly thick catheter will cause certain irritation to the urethral mucosa, increase the resistance of the urethra, and result in pain after catheter insertion.    5. Operational Factors The techniques and methods of catheterization are crucial, especially for male patients. When the urinary catheter passes through the curved and narrow areas of the urethra, if the angle of the penis is not adjusted in time and excessive force is used to forcefully insert it, it is very likely to cause urethral injury. Additionally, if the catheter is not adequately lubricated, it can also cause pain and discomfort during insertion.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Intermittent catheterization is the "gold standard" for assisting bladder emptying in patients with non-reflexive or low-reflex detrusor muscles. It is clinically applicable to various conditions such as neurogenic bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, urinary incontinence surgery, or controllable urinary diversion surgery, which cause permanent or temporary bladder emptying disorders.    1. Analysis of the therapeutic effect of catheterization cleaning 1.1 In clinical practice, the main causes of bladder emptying disorders are neurogenic bladder secondary to neurological disorders, bladder outlet obstruction, and various pelvic and urethral surgeries.  1.2 Temporary use of a urinary catheter through the urethra is often carried out during the acute stage of bladder dysfunction. However, prolonged use of a urinary catheter through the urethra can lead to serious complications such as severe lower urinary tract infections, urethral stricture, epididymitis, etc.  1.3 Intermittent catheterization is the "gold standard" for assisting bladder emptying. For incomplete bladder functional disorders, intermittent filling and emptying of the bladder helps restore bladder reflexes. Intermittent catheterization includes sterile intermittent catheterization and clean intermittent catheterization. Sterile intermittent catheterization is more conducive to reducing the occurrence of urinary tract infections and bacteriuria, but it is generally only used by professionals in hospitals, and patients or their family members usually do not have the relevant conditions for self-care or home care.  1.4 Studies have shown that clean intermittent catheterization is feasible and safe for patients with bladder emptying disorders, and it has the advantages of low environmental and equipment requirements and a short learning curve.    2. Precautions for cleaning catheterization 2.1 The primary purpose of intermittent catheterization is to protect the function of the upper urinary tract. Therefore, during each follow-up visit, blood creatinine levels must be rechecked to assess kidney function; ultrasound examination is used to determine if there is dilation, hydronephrosis, or worsening of hydronephrosis in the kidneys and ureters.  2.2 Since patients or their family members are not professionals, it is not easy to fully and accurately implement intermittent catheterization. Therefore, in addition to providing education on intermittent catheterization, regular follow-up visits are very important. They can promptly correct the errors in the operation and are crucial for monitoring the patient's condition dynamically. For example, urinary tract infection is a common complication of clean intermittent catheterization. Teaching patients to observe the symptoms of infection, such as cloudy urine, sediment, hematuria, or fever, and promptly returning to the hospital for treatment to avoid further deterioration of the condition.  2.3 The prognosis of neurogenic bladder is highly dependent on the primary disease. For example, patients with diabetic neurogenic bladder and those with cerebral infarction neurogenic bladder can recover their ability to urinate spontaneously more quickly as the primary disease improves. However, patients with spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder recover their ability to urinate more slowly. Patients with complete spinal cord injury cannot recover and require long-term catheterization and lifelong follow-up.  2.4 Intermittent catheterization should be carried out under the guidance of a specialized nurse for intermittent catheterization, and careful follow-up is necessary to ensure that the procedure is safe and effective, thereby truly benefiting the patients.    In conclusion, intermittent catheterization is a feasible and safe procedure for patients with bladder emptying disorders such as those caused by nerve damage. The short-term efficacy is also definite. However, more practical cases are needed to further analyze the situation.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to an inflammatory reaction caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms into the urinary tract. It is a common infection among hospitalized patients. According to relevant literature, urinary tract infections account for approximately 40% of hospital-acquired infections, ranking first. A survey of hospital outpatient clinics in the United States shows that the number of outpatient visits for urinary tract infections increased from 7 million in 1997 to 10.5 million in 2007, while the number of emergency department visits rose from 1 million to approximately 2.24 million. Chinese literature reports that urinary tract infections account for 20.8% to 31.7% of hospital-acquired infections, ranking second only to respiratory tract infections. In recent years, a large number of scholars have conducted research on the high incidence factors, common pathogenic microorganisms, and prevention measures of urinary tract infections. The following is a summary of the prevention of urinary tract infections.      1.Change lifestyle Develop good personal hygiene and behavioral habits, especially for women. Studies have shown that alternative forms of contraception should be provided for women because behaviors such as taking oral contraceptives or using contraceptive rings can increase the probability of Escherichia coli colonization in the vagina and urethra; researchers have found that physiological bladder irrigation (drinking water) is of great significance in preventing urinary tract infections. Patients should be encouraged to drink more water. For those who can normally consume water, they should drink more than 2000ml per day and maintain a urine volume of more than 2000ml.    2. Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) Identify the indications clearly and avoid the use of indwelling urinary catheters as much as possible, especially for individuals at high risk of urinary tract infections; when necessary, alternative methods can be adopted, such as intermittent catheterization, using suprapubic catheters or urethral stents, or using condoms instead of catheters; bladder ultrasound scanners can also be used to monitor bladder volume to reduce unnecessary catheterization. At the same time, try to shorten the duration of catheterization as much as possible, and remove the catheter promptly when it is no longer needed. For surgical patients, the catheter should be removed as soon as possible after the operation, preferably within 24 hours, unless there is a need for continued use.    Some countries have significantly increased the use of electronic reminder systems since 2008. A meta-analysis conducted in the United States indicates that the use of electronic reminder systems can effectively shorten the duration of urinary catheter placement, reducing the incidence of CAUTI by 52%.    In addition, the type of urinary catheter selected should also be appropriately chosen. Silicone material has better performance than latex material. Antibacterial or silver alloy-coated urinary catheters can reduce or delay the occurrence of bacteriuria in patients with short-term indwelling catheterization, but whether they have a preventive effect on patients with long-term indwelling catheterization still needs further verification.      3. Bladder irrigation (not recommended) According to relevant literature, bladder irrigation has no preventive effect on urinary tract infections. Instead, it can cause mechanical damage to the bladder wall, damage to the mucosa on the bladder surface, and cause urine to flow back into the bladder through the catheter lumen, thereby increasing the chance of external infection. Therefore, it is not recommended to routinely perform preventive bladder irrigation for patients with indwelling catheters.    4. Health Education The survey research indicates that 60% of hospitals provide corresponding health education guidance to patients and their families, covering aspects such as the methods of catheter care, the judgment methods for symptoms and signs of urinary tract infections, and discharge guidance. Some scholars have conducted self-management interventions for patients, including encouraging them to fill out urination diaries, learning relevant knowledge manuals, and having nurses conduct home visits, which have improved patients' self-care abilities and ultimately achieved the goal of preventing urinary tract infections. A study shows that the current situation of home care for elderly patients with indwelling catheters is not optimistic. Issues such as the material of the catheter, replacement time, and urethral orifice care often involve blindness and randomness. 100% of the patients have urinary tract infections, and 49.5% have urinary tract irritation symptoms.    5. Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Continuous prophylactic use of antibiotics has been recommended as a method to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. The Public Health Agency of England recommends the use of low-dose antibiotics to prevent the frequent recurrence of nocturnal urinary tract infection symptoms. Metoxifluridine and furanotoin are commonly used preventive antibacterial drugs. The former achieves the preventive effect by inhibiting bacterial growth (especially Escherichia coli), while the latter works by interfering with bacterial metabolism and inhibiting bacterial adhesion. The disadvantage is that adverse reactions may occur, the most common of which are nausea and candida infection. Even at a low dose, complications may still arise after long-term use. Therefore, continuous prophylactic antibiotic treatment should be selected with caution, and the patient's physical condition should be monitored regularly during the treatment period. It has been reported that the use of estrogen, cranberry products, ascorbic acid vitamin C, mannitol, lactobacilli and vaccines can also prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. However, some of these methods remain controversial or lack further confirmation through basic research and clinical trials.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.  

Intermittent catheterization is divided into sterile intermittent catheterization and clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). In 1971, Lapides applied CIC to the treatment of bladder voiding dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), achieving good clinical results.    CIC refers to the method of inserting the urinary catheter through the urethra into the bladder at regular intervals under clean conditions, allowing the bladder to empty urine regularly. Many studies have shown that for patients with neurogenic urinary dysfunction, long-term application of CIC can eliminate the inconvenience of indwelling catheterization and significantly reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) and other complications, enabling patients to live longer and improve their quality of life. Therefore, CIC has become the currently recognized scientific urinary management method for SCI patients.    This article mainly discusses the urinary tract infections caused by CIC and the effective measures for prevention and control, as follows.      1. Diagnostic criteria for UTI 1.1 Fever 1.2 Urine routine examination: white blood cells > 10 per high-power field 1.3 Bacterial culture shows pathogenic bacteria and bacterial count > 10 CFU/mL   The diagnostic criteria for bacteriuria are as follows: take 0.1 mL of midstream urine, inoculate it onto a 9-cm diameter plate, incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a warm box for 24 hours to count bacteria. If the bacterial count is > 30,000 CFU/mL, it is considered bacteriuria.   Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to a positive urine culture or urine routine test, but the patient has no elevated white blood cell count or fever and other signs of infection.      2. Analysis of CIC-related infection factors 2.1 Pathological research Under normal circumstances, the urinary system is an aseptic environment. Due to the insertion or retention of urinary catheters, external pathogenic bacteria may be introduced; at the same time, due to the disruption of local mechanical defense functions, the resistance of the urethral mucosa to pathogenic bacteria is weakened, causing pathogenic bacteria to easily retrograde to the urinary system and cause infection. According to relevant data, the composition ratio of the pathogenic bacteria causing infection, from high to low, is Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-positive cocci, and fungi. Among them, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the main pathogenic bacteria causing urinary tract infections. The phenomenon of multiple bacterial infections in a single patient is also very common. Therefore, in the implementation of CIC nursing, in addition to continuously monitoring the occurrence of bacteriuria, the antibacterial drugs should also be selected or replaced according to the laboratory drug sensitivity test results to avoid frequent changes in the bacterial flora.    2.2 CIC Urinary Catheter Materials and Models 2.2.1 CIC Urinary Catheter Materials In clinical practice, various implanted medical devices in the body, such as urinary catheters, deep vein catheters, and tracheal intubations, tend to form bacterial biofilms (biofilm, BM) on their surfaces, leading to catheter-related infections. The formation of biofilms on the surface of urinary catheters is the main cause of catheter-related infections. Currently, there are various materials available for urinary catheters, including rubber, latex, plastic, or silicone. Studies have shown that urinary tract infections occur in 22% of patients using rubber urinary catheters, while the rate is only 2% for silicone urinary catheters. Li Pengxiang et al. have demonstrated that silicone urinary catheters have good tissue compatibility, a hard tip, facilitating smooth insertion, a soft wall with minimal irritation to the mucosa, and very low toxicity. Silicone-treated latex urinary catheters and plastic urinary catheters have moderate toxicity; rubber, especially white rubber urinary catheters, have relatively high toxicity.   2.2.2 CIC Urinary Catheter Models If the urinary catheter is too thick, it can increase irritation to the urethra or bladder, causing discomfort and bladder spasms; if it is too thin, it can easily get clogged, resulting in poor drainage and urethral obstruction. These are potential factors contributing to the occurrence of UTI. Therefore, we should choose an appropriate urinary catheter model based on the specific situation.    2.3 CIC Operation Process As an invasive procedure, CIC actually provides a pathway for bacteria to enter the body. Therefore, during catheterization, it is essential to keep the area clean and eliminate any potential routes that may allow bacterial invasion. This is undoubtedly one of the key steps in preventing the occurrence of urinary tract infections. On the other hand, when performing the CIC operation, one must be gentle with the movements, as the mechanical stimulation of the catheter may damage the urethral mucosa and easily lead to lower urinary tract infections.    2.4 Measurement of Residual Urine Volume Excessive residual urine volume, causing the bladder to remain in a state of prolonged non-emptying, is a risk factor for urinary tract infections in patients with SCI. The adjustment and control of intermittent catheterization time should be based on the residual urine volume situation to prevent infection caused by long-term retention of urine in the bladder.    2.5 Immune System of the Body The infection caused by CIC is also closely related to the patient's own immunity. Some patients are elderly and weak, have low immune function, or have other underlying diseases such as chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. During the implementation of CIC, these patients are prone to develop bacteriuria.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.  

Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC): Detailed Step-by-Step Instructions for Boys For children who need to use a catheter to empty their bladder, they can be taught to do it themselves.    1. The Ten Steps for CIC - Boy 1.1 Prepare all the equipment and place them together, keeping them within reach. 1.2 Encourage the child to urinate as much as possible, but not too forcefully. 1.3 Have the child wash his hands with soap and water and dry them, keeping his nails short and clean. 1.4 Have the child stand in front of the toilet or sit on a chair that crosses over the toilet or lie on the bed and support him. 1.5 If the child has not undergone circumcision, during catheterization, ask him to pull the foreskin backward and keep it in place. Have the child wash the tip of the penis with soap and water. 1.6 Have the child apply lubricant to the end of the catheter to lubricate it. Cover 5 - 8 cm (about 2 - 3 inches) of the end of the catheter. 1.7 Have the child pull the penis out of the body and hold it. He should hold the catheter like holding a pencil and slowly insert it into the urethra until urine starts to flow slowly. Then gently move the catheter 3 cm (about 1 inch) away. The sphincter may cause some resistance, allowing the child to slow down her breathing and relax the muscles. 1.8 Allow all the urine to flow into the toilet or container. 1.9 When urination stops, slowly remove the catheter. Urine will continue to flow and be expelled until no more urine flows. 1.10Have the child clean the penis thoroughly, return the foreskin to its original position, and then wash the hands.    2. Other Important Notes: Check the color, odor and clarity of the urine. These can serve as indicators for diagnosing infections and other diseases. If there is any change in the urine, you must inform the doctor or nurse about it. Record the amount of urine your child produces. This information can assist the doctor and nurse in working with you to create an appropriate regular schedule for your child.    3. Possible problems 3.1 The catheter does not work properly. During the catheterization process, if the child does not relax the urethral sphincter, the channel will close. If the child cannot insert the catheter, then even if he is relaxed, you need to contact the doctor or nurse. 3.2 The catheter causes bleeding. During the catheterization process, small blood drops may occasionally appear around the catheter. If the frequency is not high and the problem is not serious, you should inform the doctor or nurse. 3.3 If the urine looks infected and the child has a fever. If the child has a fever and the urine starts to become cloudy and has a foul smell, you must contact the doctor immediately. 3.4 If the urine looks infected, but the child does not have a fever. If the urine starts to become cloudy and has a foul smell but the child does not have a fever, the child should drink more water. Ensure that the child is catheterized correctly. If the child shows symptoms of a fever, please contact the doctor.    4. Perform CIC 4 - 6 times per day Most doctors recommend performing CIC 4 - 6 times daily, with the exact number depending on the child's needs. The gap without performing CIC at night should not exceed 8 hours.    5. Selecting the appropriate size of the catheter for the child 5.1The doctor will prepare a catheter size that is exactly suitable for the child. 5.2The thickness of the catheter is measured in units called French (FR). The specifications of the catheters used for intermittent clean catheterization range from 5 to 16 FR. The smaller the model, the thinner the catheter. 5.3If necessary, the doctor will recommend changing the catheter size. For example, if it takes too long to empty the bladder, it indicates that the catheter being used by the child is too thin.    6. Other Important Matters 6.1It is very important to ensure that the child has their catheter inserted on time without missing any steps. Establish a regular daily schedule. 6.2If the catheter falls to the ground, replace it with another one. 6.3Have the child drink a large amount of water to help the urine flow out of the kidneys.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.      

2025 May. Brazil Hospitalar Exhibition   Fair: 2026 Brazil Hospitalar Exhibition   Date: May.19-22th,2026   Add: São PAULO EXPO EXHIBITION & CONVENTION CENTER RODOVIA DOS IMIGRANTES, SAO PAULO,BRAZIL   Yingmed Booth No.       : G-250     Exhibition introduction: The Hospitalar exhibition, a medical equipment and laboratory fair in Brazil, is the largest and most comprehensive medical industry event in the Latin American market. It comprehensively covers various fields such as medical products, equipment, services, and technologies, targeting hospitals, laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, clinical and medical institutions in the Latin American region. In 2000, it was awarded the title of "Trustworthy Business Exhibition" by the US Department of Commerce and is the most authoritative medical equipment and supplies exhibition in Brazil and the Latin American region.  HOSPITALAR is designed to meet the constantly changing needs of professionals in the healthcare industry. After years of development, it has become the most comprehensive and professional medical exhibition in Brazil and throughout Latin America. It is the best place for trade professionals in Brazil and neighboring countries to discover new products and technologies. The total exhibition area of the previous HOSPITALAR exhibition in São Paulo, Brazil was 82,000 square meters, with 1,365 exhibitors and 90,000 visitors. In addition to the trade fair, a medical technology forum will also be held, which is the most important forum to discuss medical issues, and it will be held concurrently with 54 other exhibitions, seminars and conferences. Ningbo Yingmed Medical Instruments Co.,Ltd is one of the professional supplier for the Medical Instument products in China.we mainly show the medical consumable products such as Oxygen maks, Nebulizer mask, Nasal Oxyen cannula, ET tubes, Suction catheter, Infusion set , Disposable Syringe, Insulin Syringe, Urine bag,Foley Catheter, Surgical Gloves, Gauze Swabs, Medical Bandage, Surgical TapeWound Dressing,Alcohol pad, Spirometer,  Vacuum Blood collection tube and some lab consumable products. Our Team has more than 15 years experiences in Medical field,we have experienced sales team and strong QC team,Our Company is approved by CE&ISO certificates for most of products. We look forward to meeting you on May. 19-22, 2026 year, our Booth No.:G-250 The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC): Detailed Step-by-Step Instructions for Girls For children who need to use a catheter to empty their bladder, they can be taught to do it themselves.      5. The Ten Steps for CIC - Girl 5.1 Prepare all the equipment and place them together, keeping them within reach. 5.2 Encourage the child to urinate as much as possible, but not too forcefully. 5.3 Have the child wash his hands with soap and water and dry them, keeping his nails short and clean. 5.4 Ensure a comfortable position for her. She can sit on the toilet or sit on a chair that crosses over the toilet, or lie down or stand on the edge of the chair or toilet with one leg. 5.5 Have her use one hand to spread the labia apart and clean the tip of the catheter from front to back with soap and water, then rinse and dry. 5.6 Have the child apply lubricant to the tip of the catheter to lubricate it. Cover 5-8 cm (about 2 - 3 inches) of the catheter tip. She should use one finger to feel her clitoris to help her locate the correct urethral opening. During the learning of CIC steps, it is normal to occasionally insert the catheter into the vagina. 5.7 Keep the labia spread apart and have the child slowly insert the lubricated catheter into her urethra until urine starts to flow. Then gently move the catheter away 3 cm (about 1 inch). The sphincter may cause some resistance, allowing the child to slow down her breathing and relax the muscles. 5.8 Allow all the urine to flow into the toilet or container. 5.9 When urination stops, slowly remove the catheter. Urine will continue to flow and be expelled until no more urine flows. 5.10 Have the child clean the area around the genitalia and wash hands.      6. Other Important Notes: Check the color, odor and clarity of the urine. These can serve as indicators for diagnosing infections and other diseases. If there is any change in the urine, you must inform the doctor or nurse about it. Record the amount of urine your child produces. This information can assist the doctor and nurse in working with you to create an appropriate regular schedule for your child.      7. Possible problems 7.1 The catheter does not work properly. During the catheterization process, if the child does not relax the urethral sphincter, the channel will close. If the child cannot insert the catheter, then even if he is relaxed, you need to contact the doctor or nurse.   7.2 The catheter causes bleeding. During the catheterization process, small blood drops may occasionally appear around the catheter. If the frequency is not high and the problem is not serious, you should inform the doctor or nurse.   7.3 If the urine looks infected and the child has a fever. If the child has a fever and the urine starts to become cloudy and has a foul smell, you must contact the doctor immediately.   7.4 If the urine looks infected, but the child does not have a fever. If the urine starts to become cloudy and has a foul smell but the child does not have a fever, the child should drink more water. Ensure that the child is catheterized correctly. If the child shows symptoms of a fever, please contact the doctor.      8. Perform CIC 4 - 6 times per day Most doctors recommend performing CIC 4 - 6 times daily, with the exact number depending on the child's needs. The gap without performing CIC at night should not exceed 8 hours.      9. Selecting the appropriate size of the catheter for the child 9.1The doctor will prepare a catheter size that is exactly suitable for the child. 9.2The thickness of the catheter is measured in units called French (FR). The specifications of the catheters used for intermittent clean catheterization range from 5 to 16 FR. The smaller the model, the thinner the catheter. 9.3If necessary, the doctor will recommend changing the catheter size. For example, if it takes too long to empty the bladder, it indicates that the catheter being used by the child is too thin.      10. Other Important Matters 10.1It is very important to ensure that the child has their catheter inserted on time without missing any steps. Establish a regular daily schedule. 10.2If the catheter falls to the ground, replace it with another one. 10.2Have the child drink a large amount of water to help the urine flow out of the kidneys.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC): Detailed Step-by-Step Instructions for Girls For children who need to use a catheter to empty their bladder, they can be taught to do it themselves.   1. Explanation of CIC CIC (Clean Intermittent Catheterization) (Clean Intermittent Urination): This is a technique that helps children empty the urine in their bladders. It needs to be performed several times a day for the child. Clean: Try to clean as thoroughly as possible without any bacteria Intermittent: Conduct multiple times at regular intervals throughout the day Catheterization: Use a catheter (a thin tube) to drain the urine from the bladder      2. CIC can help solve bladder problems When a child is unable to empty the urine in their bladder by themselves, has bladder leakage, or has excessive pressure in the bladder, CIC technology must be applied to the child. If the bladder fails to be emptied properly, infections or other diseases may occur. If the child follows the nurse's instructions, his bladder will not be damaged. After practice, almost everyone, including 5-year-old children, can learn this technique.      3. Working mode of the urinary system 3.1 Urine is produced by the kidneys. It flows out of the kidneys and enters the bladder through the ureters. The urine is stored in the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sac that stores the urine of the human body.   3.2 At the bottom of the bladder, there is a strong muscle called the sphincter, which can prevent urine from flowing out until you are ready to urinate.   3.3 When the brain sends the signal to relax the sphincter, the urine will be released and flow out through the urethra and be expelled from the body. When the bladder is full, it will send a signal to the brain that the bladder is full, approximately every 2 hours. Then the brain decides whether it is the appropriate time to defecate. If you do not empty the urine in the bladder when you receive the first signal, the signal will come faster and stronger. Eventually, when the bladder is overfull, it will empty itself.   3.4 If the bladder is not emptied, infections or other diseases will occur. If the bladder does not empty in time, urine will flow back into the ureters and kidneys. This phenomenon is called reflux, and reflux can cause kidney infections, scar tissue and persistent kidney damage. For many children, through the CIC method, it is possible to completely empty the bladder, stop reflux, avoid urinary tract infections and bedwetting.      4. Equipment required for CIC operation Catheter Lubricants: It is recommended to use water-soluble lubricants. Do not use vaseline or mineral oil. Soap and water Bath towel or washcloth Clean and dry towel Urinal collection container (if necessary) Hand mirror (if necessary) Tube storage container or bag   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

During intermittent catheterization procedures, there are occasional instances where the bladder is clearly full but the urine cannot be drained through the catheter. Although this situation is not very common, it is a problem that troubles some injured individuals. Today, let's discuss how to handle such situations.    1.Reasons for inability to perform catheterization In general, apart from the situations where the urinary catheter is not properly functioning or not inserted correctly (such as when a female patient mistakenly inserts it into the vagina), there are two reasons why urine cannot be drained:  1.1 The urinary catheter has not entered the bladder Usually, we determine whether the urinary catheter has entered the bladder based on the presence of urine flow. However, this is not always the case. For instance, if the urinary catheter is blocked at the neck of the bladder and the bladder is overfilled, the pressure is relatively high, and some urine can flow out. When the pressure decreases, there is no urine anymore. At this point, we cannot rely solely on the length of the insertion of the urinary catheter to make a judgment, because in special circumstances, such as pelvic lipomatosis, the position of the bladder and the prostate will be elevated. In severe cases, the entire urinary catheter may be inserted but the tip of the catheter still remains at the neck of the bladder.    1.2 The urinary catheter has entered the bladder. If the patient has a hypertrophic prostate, long-term obstruction of the bladder outlet will cause the inter-ureteral ridge to rise. Coupled with the hypertrophy of the middle lobe of the prostate, sometimes after the urinary catheter enters the bladder, it will be pushed up. At this time, although the catheter is in the bladder, due to being pushed up, the head of the catheter will be against the anterior wall of the bladder, resulting in poor drainage. At this point, the urinary catheter in the bladder is often not at the lowest position, but at the highest position.    2. Solutions for Inability to Conduct Urination The second situation is a contraindication for intermittent catheterization. In this case, other methods of urination such as indwelling catheterization should be adopted. When the first situation occurs, the following steps are recommended: 2.1 Ensure that the urinary catheter is adequately lubricated and the urethra is relaxed as much as possible. Try to make the insertion successful at one attempt. 2.2 You can insert the catheter deeper first, then gently pull it outwards to position the catheter in a more favorable drainage position. 2.3 When there is no urine being conducted, do not rush to remove the catheter. First, add water to check if the urethra is unobstructed. If it feels obstructed, gently insert the catheter deeper into the bladder and then try again to see if it is unobstructed. If it still doesn't work, you can remove it and reinsert it. Sometimes, the reason for not being able to conduct 200 ml of urine is merely a small blood clot or something blocking the catheter or the position of the catheter being just a little off. Adjusting the catheter can solve the problem.   3. Conclusion When unable to urinate, first try to determine the cause by yourself - is it due to obstruction or some other reason? If obstruction causes difficulty in catheter insertion, then estimate the location of the obstruction first. If the obstruction is related to prostate hypertrophy and is located in the prostate or bladder neck, then switch to a prostate catheter (a more pointed curved-end catheter). By accurately positioning the curved end, there is a chance of successful catheter insertion.      If it can be determined that the urinary catheter has been inserted but no urine is being discharged, the first step is to manually rinse the bladder to check for any solid substances blocking it. Sometimes, some flocculent substances or urine sediment may form in the bladder, blocking the drainage hole and preventing urine from flowing out. In such cases, a larger-sized catheter can be tried. If a larger catheter is too thick to insert smoothly, a tube with a larger drainage hole would be more suitable. If the catheter is not blocked after testing, adjust the angle of the catheter and try changing the position. This should generally solve the problem. If necessary, seek help from a doctor.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

At present, intermittent catheterization has become the preferred management method for neurogenic bladder worldwide and has been widely applied in clinical practice. During the catheterization procedure, the appropriate depth of the catheter insertion into the bladder directly affects the catheterization outcome. If the insertion is too deep, the catheter will coil, fold, or tip upwards in the bladder, preventing complete urine drainage and increasing the risk of bladder mucosa damage; if the insertion is too shallow, the side hole at the front end of the catheter will be located in the neck of the bladder or the posterior urethra, adhering to the mucosal layer, resulting in poor urine drainage. The insertion depth of the catheter varies for different catheterization populations.    1. Adult   1.1 The urethral opening of adult females is located below the clitoris and above the vaginal opening, and it is thick and short. The length of the urethra in adult females is usually around 3 to 5 cm. When conducting catheterization, gently insert the catheter 4 to 6 cm, and after seeing urine flow out, insert it another 1 cm.  1.2 The male urethra is 17 to 20 cm long and has two bends: the anterior pubic bend and the posterior pubic bend; there are three narrow sections: the external orifice, the membranous part, and the internal orifice. During catheterization, one should be aware of these anatomical features. When inserting the urinary catheter, lift the penis to form a 60° angle with the abdominal wall, eliminate the anterior pubic bend, and ensure the smooth insertion of the catheter. The insertion depth should be approximately 20 cm. Once urine flows out, insert an additional 2 cm.    2. Children 2.1The anatomical characteristics of the urinary system in children are as follows: The bladder is located at a higher position. In newborns, the bladder is often pear-shaped and situated above the pubic symphysis. In infants, the bladder is close to the anterior abdominal wall and gradually descends into the pelvic cavity as they grow older. In boys, the urethra is 5-6 cm long at the age of 1 and approximately 12 cm by the time of sexual maturity. In girls, the urethra is short, being only 1 cm at birth and can increase to 3-4 cm later.    2.2Due to the significant differences in the length of the urethra among boys of different age groups, there are currently no exact data or research reports available in both domestic and international fields regarding the insertion depth of endotracheal tubes for male infants and young children. It is recommended that when conducting catheterization for boys, the catheter should be slowly inserted until its front end exceeds the internal opening of the urethra. When urine begins to flow out, insert the catheter further by approximately 2-3 cm. At this point, the side hole of the catheter is located above the internal opening of the urethra within the bladder, allowing for smooth drainage of urine.    2.3When conducting a catheterization for female infants, the catheter should be inserted into the urethra of the child about 1.5 cm first. Once urine starts to flow out, the insertion should be continued by another 0.5 cm. In this way, the catheter will be approximately 2 cm deep in the bladder, which is an appropriate insertion length suitable for the infant's physiological structure. The side opening of the catheter will be exactly at the bottom of the bladder, allowing for the full drainage of the residual urine in the lower part of the bladder.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.

Intermittent catheterization is regarded as the "gold standard" for dealing with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. During intermittent catheterization, the catheter is generally inserted smoothly, but occasionally there may be difficulties in insertion. The causes of insertion difficulties and the solutions are as follows   3. Urethral Obstruction   Urethral obstruction is the most common cause of difficulty in catheterization, including urethral stricture, urethral calculi, and prostate hyperplasia, etc. For those with slightly narrowed urethra, appropriately choosing a thinner urinary catheter is advisable. For patients with prostate hyperplasia, the urethra is compressed and deformed by the diseased prostate, which further increases the difficulty of catheter insertion. Using a curved-tipped urinary catheter is more ideal. When encountering resistance during insertion, slowly rotate the catheter and gradually increase the pushing force to make the catheter "slide" over the membranous part and advance forward, thus facilitating catheterization. For severe urethral obstruction, intermittent catheterization is not recommended. Instead, surgical treatment should be performed first, followed by intermittent catheterization.    4. The patient is emotionally tense. The patient is mentally tense. During the insertion of the urinary catheter, the continuous urge to urinate causes spasms in the urethral sphincter, making the catheter insertion difficult. We should try to relax during the catheter insertion and eliminate the tension. Taking a hot bath or doing some relaxing exercises before catheterization will make one more relaxed. If there is resistance during insertion, try coughing a few times. If the patient is in a wheelchair, move to the edge of the wheelchair to relieve the pressure on the perineum and avoid compressing the urethra. Coughing or changing positions can help maintain relaxation and facilitate the insertion of the catheter.  During intermittent catheterization, situations where the catheter insertion is difficult occur in the above several cases. If the injured person encounters such situations, they can refer to these as a reference. Of course, if encountering difficulties in catheter insertion and having no effective solution on their own, seeking help from a professional doctor is definitely the safest solution. Do not operate blindly and forcefully insert the catheter.   The content of this article is sourced from the internet. The author assumes no responsibility for it. Without permission, copying is strictly prohibited.